Politicians across the European Union are scrambling to rethink its policy for dealing with the problem after an estimated 900 migrants drowned on Sunday when a packed people-smuggling vessel sailing from Libya to Italy capsized off Malta. EU member states, which still largely control their own immigration policies, have been criticised for withdrawing funding late last year from Italy's Mare Nostrum search-and-rescue mission, which cost just 9m ($6.5m) a month.
Joel Millman, of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), said that the number of migrants killed this year trying to make the crossing from North Africa to Europe could soon pass the overall total for 2014, and end the year dwarfing previous figures.
The deaths of the Middle Eastern and African migrants have prompted some within the EU to urge that the Mare Nostrum project is restarted. Others, conscious that domestic electorates are worried about immigration, insist that greater pressure should be brought to bear on people-smuggling networks.
Italian officials have suggested that drones could be employed to attack traffickers' boats, adopting the kind of anti-piracy policy that has been successful off the coast of Somalia. An EU spokeswoman, Natasha Bertaud, confirmed yesterday that the bloc was considering a "military operation".
The EU's leaders, including the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, will debate any new measures tomorrow after the European Council President, Donald Tusk, called an extraordinary summit.
"I do not expect any quick fix solutions to the root causes of migration, because there are none," Mr Tusk said. "Had they existed we would have used them long ago. But I do expect that the Commission and the European External Action Service will present options for immediate action. And I do expect member states to contribute immediately."
On Monday, the European Commission presented a 10-point plan that included a provision for destroying smugglers' boats off Libya.
The British Government has yet to comment on the possibility of military action, but it prefers a policy that concentrates on stopping traffickers. Ministers insist that search-and-rescue operations in the Mediterranean act as an incentive to migrants to risk the journey. However, speaking on BBC Radio 4's World At One yesterday, the Foreign Secretary, Philip Hammond, admitted that there was only anecdotal evidence to support that argument. "There was a risk that the way the Mare Nostrum operation was being conducted could have encouraged people to take risks that it was really not safe to take," he said.
"It is anecdotal, of course, but when you talk to people who have been rescued at sea and they clearly have the impression that they can get on a vessel which is unseaworthy in the expectation that they will be immediately - within hours - picked up, that creates some really dangerous perverse incentives."
Since the decision to scrap Mare Nostrum, 20,000 people have successfully made it to EU territory, but at least another 1,500 have drowned.
Aid agencies and charities called yesterday for urgent action to help migrants. John Dalhuisen, of Amnesty International, accused EU states of acting "akin to firefighters refusing to save people jumping from a towering inferno".
